Gold

Gold has been known for 5500 years, and it has a total of 70 isotopes. Gold was discovered on January 24, 1848 by a man named James Wilson Marshall in California, which resulted in the Gold Rush of the 1800's. Humans interact with this element for jewlery ,used in necklaces and bracelets, computers for help in the transmittion of digital information from one part of the computer to another. Money, for the medium of exchange, and dentistry used in dental fillings. If you had 100 dollars, you could buy 9.106 grams of gold. Its abundance is 4ppb and is found in 0.0000004 percent of the earth's crust. When gold is being extracted and cleaned cyanide solution is used. Cyanide is poisonous to people, animals and fish. Cyanide can leach through to underground water and poison the water. Gold has no biological role, but it is used for some drugs (sometimes toxic) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Ionic golds are really gold chlorides and should not be used as a dietary supplement because it is a potentially dangerous substance. A single gram of gold can be beaten into a sheet of one square meter. Gold is a good conductor of heat and electricity, and is not affected by air and most reagents.Gold leaf can be beaten thin enough to become translucent. The transmitted light appears greenish blue, because gold strongly reflects yellow and red.High quality pure metallic gold is tasteless.Pure gold is too soft for ordinary use and is typically hardened by alloying with copper or other base metals. For a video of the element gold, go to: http://www.teachertube.com/view_video.php?viewkey=688ea9d05edc6888385b. The most common gold compounds are auric chloride (AuCl3) and chlorauric acid (HAuCl4). A mixture of one part nitric acid with three of hydrochloric acid is called aqua regia (because it dissolved gold, the King of Metals). It is unaffected by air and most reagents,and it is found free in nature. Aurothioglucose, also known as gold thioglucose, is a chemical compound with the formula AuSC6H11O5. This derivative of the sugar glucose is used to treat rhuematiod arthritis.Disodium aurothiomalate is a chemical compound with the formula AuSCH(CO2Na)CH2CO2Na. In conjunction with its monoprotonated derivative, this coordination complex or closely related species are used to treat rheumatiod arthritis under the tradename Myochrysine.**Gold salts** describe ionic chemical compounds of gold. The term, which is a misnomer, has evolved into a euphemism for the gold compounds used in medicine.The first reports of research in this area appeared in 1935,[|[] primarily to reduce inflammation and to slow disease progression in patients with rhuematiod arthritis. Most chemical compounds of gold are not in fact salts. Gold compounds find wide use in electroplatingand as reagents in organic chemistry. Gold(III) Bromide is used as a catalyst in a variety of reactions, but one of its most interesting uses is found in the Diels-Alder reaction. Specifically, the compound catalyzes the reaction between an enynal unit and carbonyl compounds to form a six-membered cyclic compound. Another catalytic use of gold tribromide is in the nucleophilic substitution reaction of propargylic alcohols. In this reaction, the gold complex acts as an alcohol-activating agent to facilitate the substitution.Gold(III) fluoride, [|Au][|F]3, is an orange solid that sublimes at 300 °C. It is a powerful fluorinated agent.Gold(III) oxide (Au2O3) is the stablest oxide of gold. It is a red-brown, thermally unstable solid that decomposes at 160 °C.Gold(V) fluoride is a flouride of gold where gold is in its highest known oxidated state. It is a red solid and is very corrosive. Sodium aurothiomalate (gold sodium thiomalate) is an organogold compound with the chemical formula C4H4[|Au][|Na]O4S and is used for its antirheumatic effects to treat rhuematiod arthritis. In the United Kingdom only the intramuscular injection drug Myochrisin which contains a mixture of sodium aurothiomalate and disodium aurothiomalate) and the orally taken Auranofin are used medically. Those are important compounds gold is used in. [[image:http://library.thinkquest.org/10676/Period/b0079.gif caption="external image b0079.gif"]][[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Native_gold_nuggets.jpg/125px-Native_gold_nuggets.jpg width="172" height="304" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Native_gold_nuggets.jpg"]] [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/3sovriegns.jpg/150px-3sovriegns.jpg width="228" height="262" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:3sovriegns.jpg"]]**Atomic Weight:** 196.966569 ([|amphoteric] oxide) ||
 * Gold is an element on the periodic table of elements. It has an atomic symbol of Au, and its atomic mass of 196.9665.
 * Melting Point:** 1337.33 K (1064.18°C or 1947.52°F)
 * Boiling Point:** 3129 K (2856°C or 5173°F)[[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Electron_shell_079_Gold.svg/180px-Electron_shell_079_Gold.svg.png width="180" height="194" link="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electron_shell_079_Gold.svg"]] ||||~ Atomic properties ||
 * [|Crystal structure] || cubic face centered ||
 * [|Oxidation states] || −1, 1, 2, **3**, 4, 5
 * [|Electronegativity] || 2.54 (Pauling scale) ||
 * [|Ionization energies] || 1st: 890.1 [|kJ/mol] ||
 * ^  || 2nd: 1980 kJ/mol ||
 * [|Atomic radius] || 135  [|pm] ||
 * Atomic radius (calc.) || 174  pm ||
 * [|Covalent radius] || 144  pm ||
 * [|Van der Waals radius] || 166 pm ||


 * Density:** 19.282 grams per cubic centimeter
 * Phase at Room Temperature:** Solid
 * Element Classification:** Metal
 * Period Number:** 6 **Group Number:** 11 **Group Name:** none
 * Atomic Number: 79** || [[image:http://www.wikispaces.com/_/2009010800/i/c.gif width="1" height="600"]] || ||
 * [[image:http://www.wikispaces.com/_/2009010800/i/bBL.gif width="8" height="8"]]For more information go to: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold

TABLE OF GOLD ISOTOPES ||~ nuclide symbol ||~ Z([|p]) ||~ N([|n]) ||~ isotopic mass (u) ||~ half-life ||~ nuclear spin ||~ representative isotopic composition (mole fraction) ||~ range of natural variation (mole fraction) ||
 * ^  ||||||~ excitation energy ||
 * 169Au ||> 79 ||> 90 || 168.99808(32)# || 150# µs || 1/2+# ||  ||   ||
 * 170Au ||> 79 ||> 91 || 169.99612(22)# || 310(50) µs [286(+50-40) µs] || (2-) ||  ||   ||
 * 170mAu |||||| 275(14) keV || 630(60) µs [0.62(+6-5) ms] || (9+) ||  ||   ||
 * 171Au ||> 79 ||> 92 || 170.991879(28) || 17 µs || (1/2+) ||  ||   ||
 * 171mAu |||||| 250(16) keV || 1.014(19) ms || 11/2- ||  ||   ||
 * 172Au ||> 79 ||> 93 || 171.99004(17)# || 6.3 ms || high ||  ||   ||
 * 173Au ||> 79 ||> 94 || 172.986237(28) || 20 ms || (1/2+) ||  ||   ||
 * 173mAu |||||| 214(23) keV || 12 ms || (11/2-) ||  ||   ||
 * 174Au ||> 79 ||> 95 || 173.98476(11)# || 120 ms || low ||  ||   ||
 * 174mAu |||||| 360(70)# keV || 171(29) ms || high ||  ||   ||
 * 175Au ||> 79 ||> 96 || 174.98127(5) || 185 ms || 1/2+# ||  ||   ||
 * 175mAu |||||| 200(30)# keV || 156(3) ms || 11/2-# ||  ||   ||
 * 176Au ||> 79 ||> 97 || 175.98010(11)# || 1.08(17) s [0.84(+17-14) s] || (5-) ||  ||   ||
 * 176mAu |||||| 150(100)# keV || 860(160) ms || (7+) ||  ||   ||
 * 177Au ||> 79 ||> 98 || 176.976865(14) || 1.462(32) s || (1/2+,3/2+) ||  ||   ||
 * 177mAu |||||| 216(26) keV || 1.180(12) s || 11/2- ||  ||   ||
 * 178Au ||> 79 ||> 99 || 177.97603(6) || 2.6(5) s ||  ||   ||   ||
 * 179Au ||> 79 ||> 100 || 178.973213(18) || 3.3 s || 5/2-# ||  ||   ||
 * 179mAu |||||| 99(16) keV ||  || (11/2-) ||   ||   ||
 * 180Au ||> 79 ||> 101 || 179.972521(23) || 8.1(3) s ||  ||   ||   ||
 * 181Au ||> 79 ||> 102 || 180.970079(21) || 13.7(14) s || (3/2-) ||  ||   ||
 * 182Au ||> 79 ||> 103 || 181.969618(22) || 15.5(5) s || (2+) ||  ||   ||
 * 183Au ||> 79 ||> 104 || 182.967593(11) || 42.8(10) s || (5/2)- ||  ||   ||
 * 183m1Au |||||| 73.3(4) keV || >1 µs || (1/2)+ ||  ||   ||
 * 183m2Au |||||| 230.6(6) keV || <1 µs || (11/2)- ||  ||   ||
 * 184Au ||> 79 ||> 105 || 183.967452(24) || 20.6(9) s || 5+ ||  ||   ||
 * 184mAu |||||| 68.46(1) keV || 47.6(14) s || 2+ ||  ||   ||
 * 185Au ||> 79 ||> 106 || 184.965789(28) || 4.25(6) min || 5/2- ||  ||   ||
 * 185mAu |||||| 100(100)# keV || 6.8(3) min || 1/2+# ||  ||   ||
 * 186Au ||> 79 ||> 107 || 185.965953(23) || 10.7(5) min || 3- ||  ||   ||
 * 186mAu |||||| 227.77(7) keV || 110(10) ns || 2+ ||  ||   ||
 * 187Au ||> 79 ||> 108 || 186.964568(27) || 8.4(3) min || 1/2+ ||  ||   ||
 * 187mAu |||||| 120.51(16) keV || 2.3(1) s || 9/2- ||  ||   ||
 * 188Au ||> 79 ||> 109 || 187.965324(22) || 8.84(6) min || 1(-) ||  ||   ||
 * 189Au ||> 79 ||> 110 || 188.963948(22) || 28.7(3) min || 1/2+ ||  ||   ||
 * 189m1Au |||||| 247.23(16) keV || 4.59(11) min || 11/2- ||  ||   ||
 * 189m2Au |||||| 325.11(16) keV || 190(15) ns || 9/2- ||  ||   ||
 * 189m3Au |||||| 2554.7(12) keV || 242(10) ns || 31/2+ ||  ||   ||
 * 190Au ||> 79 ||> 111 || 189.964700(17) || 42.8(10) min || 1- ||  ||   ||
 * 190mAu |||||| 200(150)# keV || 125(20) ms || 11-# ||  ||   ||
 * 191Au ||> 79 ||> 112 || 190.96370(4) || 3.18(8) h || 3/2+ ||  ||   ||
 * 191m1Au |||||| 266.2(5) keV || 920(110) ms || (11/2-) ||  ||   ||
 * 191m2Au |||||| 2490(1) keV || >400 ns ||  ||   ||   ||
 * 192Au ||> 79 ||> 113 || 191.964813(17) || 4.94(9) h || 1- ||  ||   ||
 * 192m1Au |||||| 135.41(25) keV || 29 ms || (5#)+ ||  ||   ||
 * 192m2Au |||||| 431.6(5) keV || 160(20) ms || (11-) ||  ||   ||
 * 193Au ||> 79 ||> 114 || 192.964150(11) || 17.65(15) h || 3/2+ ||  ||   ||
 * 193m1Au |||||| 290.19(3) keV || 3.9(3) s || 11/2- ||  ||   ||
 * 193m2Au |||||| 2486.5(6) keV || 150(50) ns || (31/2+) ||  ||   ||
 * 194Au ||> 79 ||> 115 || 193.965365(11) || 38.02(10) h || 1- ||  ||   ||
 * 194m1Au |||||| 107.4(5) keV || 600(8) ms || (5+) ||  ||   ||
 * 194m2Au |||||| 475.8(6) keV || 420(10) ms || (11-) ||  ||   ||
 * 195Au ||> 79 ||> 116 || 194.9650346(14) || 186.098(47) d || 3/2+ ||  ||   ||
 * 195mAu |||||| 318.58(4) keV || 30.5(2) s || 11/2- ||  ||   ||
 * 196Au ||> 79 ||> 117 || 195.966570(3) || 6.1669(6) d || 2- ||  ||   ||
 * 196m1Au |||||| 84.660(20) keV || 8.1(2) s || 5+ ||  ||   ||
 * 196m2Au |||||| 595.66(4) keV || 9.6(1) h || 12- ||  ||   ||
 * 197Au ||> 79 ||> 118 || 196.9665687(6) || **STABLE** || 3/2+ || 1.0000 ||  ||
 * 197mAu |||||| 409.15(8) keV || 7.73(6) s || 11/2- ||  ||   ||
 * 198Au ||> 79 ||> 119 || 197.9682423(6) || 2.69517(21) d || 2- ||  ||   ||
 * 198m1Au |||||| 312.2200(20) keV || 124(4) ns || 5+ ||  ||   ||
 * 198m2Au |||||| 811.7(15) keV || 2.27(2) d || (12-) ||  ||   ||
 * 199Au ||> 79 ||> 120 || 198.9687652(6) || 3.139(7) d || 3/2+ ||  ||   ||
 * 199mAu |||||| 548.9368(21) keV || 440(30) µs || (11/2)- ||  ||   ||
 * 200Au ||> 79 ||> 121 || 199.97073(5) || 48.4(3) min || 1(-) ||  ||   ||
 * 200mAu |||||| 970(70) keV || 18.7(5) h || 12- ||  ||   ||
 * 201Au ||> 79 ||> 122 || 200.971657(3) || 26(1) min || 3/2+ ||  ||   ||
 * 202Au ||> 79 ||> 123 || 201.97381(18) || 28.8(19) s || (1-) ||  ||   ||
 * 203Au ||> 79 ||> 124 || 202.975155(3) || 53(2) s || 3/2+ ||  ||   ||
 * 204Au ||> 79 ||> 125 || 203.97772(22)# || 39.8(9) s || (2-) ||  ||   ||
 * 205Au ||> 79 ||> 126 || 204.97987(32)# || 31(2) s || 3/2+ ||  |||| [[image:http://www.wikispaces.com/_/2009010800/i/c.gif width="1" height="1"]] ||